[How to use GPT-4/BingChat for Drug Discovery or Other Research Development White Paper (w/ Prompt Engineering)]

Backgrounds

The motivation to write this white paper was inspired by an article in Hankyoreh on July 5 (Generative AI designs new drug in 46 days...enters phase 2 for the first time ever^[1]) which I read as a non-expert in the field of drug development. To summarize the content of the article, it is as follows.

A drug candidate designed using artificial intelligence (AI) by biotech company Insilico Medicine has entered Phase II clinical trials. The drug, a treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, will be administered to 60 patients in China and the United States. Insilico developed the drug using a combination of generative AI and reinforcement learning, which cut drug development costs by a tenth and time by a third. The company currently has more than 30 AI drug development programs underway, three of which have entered clinical trials. This entry into Phase II clinical trials is considered a major milestone in the field of drug development using AI.

Based on this article, I tried to explain how generative AI (ChatGPT, BingChat) can be well utilized in drug discovery with an example of the process of applying prompt engineering techniques to derive concrete results step by step.

 

This course will help you understand why prompt engineering is necessary and how to apply it. It will also show you how we uncovered hidden prompt directives that are very useful in drug discovery.  

Here are the prompt directives (in the form of #hashtags) that we discovered while writing this paper: (*Note: The hashtag directives below should be run in BingChat rather than GPT-4 to achieve the desired results.')

• #patent_search
• #trend_analysis
• #information_query
• #information_detail
• #scenario_write
• #scenario_simulate
• #content_generate
• #expert_interview
• #educational_content
• #risk_assessment
• There are many other

These hashtags are not only useful for drug discovery, but also for other research and development. We encourage you to apply these hashtag directives to a variety of research areasFor example, among the hashtags below, "#patent_search" is a command to search for patent information.

A drug discovery researcher can ask a question in BingChat with "#patent_search: rituxim"] or give a command with "Give me the latest patents for rituxim"]. However, there are differences between these two commands.

The '#patent_search: rituxim' command uses a hashtag to search for patent information. It searches for domestic and international patents with the keyword rituxim and provides information such as patent name, application number, filing date, inventor, and summary.

"Show me the latest patents for rituxim" is a typical question to retrieve patent information: it performs a web search with the keyword rituxim, finds patent-related sites or documents in the search results, and provides the information.

Drug discovery is an important field that improves human health and quality of life. However, drug development is an extremely difficult, time-consuming, and costly process. Drug candidates need to be discovered, validated for efficacy and safety, tested in clinical trials, and approved before they can be brought to market. There is a lot of failure and waste along the way, and the probability of success in drug development is very low.

To address these challenges, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are increasingly being used in drug discovery. Generative AI, in particular, is an AI technology that generates new data by learning from existing data, and can be used to design drug candidates, predict their efficacy and safety, and even simulate clinical trial results. A typical example of generative AI used in drug discovery is the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN).  

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and GPT-4 are both deep learning models, a branch of artificial intelligence, but they differ in their purpose and how they work. Both models can be utilized in drug discovery, but the way and context in which they are used is different.

1. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs): GANs are generative models in which two neural networks, a generator and a discriminator, learn by competing with each other. The generator tries to create fake data that resembles real data, and the discriminator tries to determine whether the data created by the generator is real or fake. Through this competition, the generator gradually creates fake data that is indistinguishable from real data, which is then used to generate new images, speech, and more.

GANs  are often used in the molecular design phase of drug development. GANs can be used to generate new molecular structures, which can help find new drug candidates. A constructor creates a new molecule that is similar to a real molecule, and a discriminator determines how similar it is to the real molecule. In this way, GANs can be used to explore and generate new molecular structures in drug discovery.

2. GPT-4: GPT-4 is a model used in natural language processing (NLP) that focuses on understanding and generating textual data. GPT-4 can learn large amounts of text data to understand context, generate appropriate text for a given input, provide answers to questions, translate text, and more. GPT-4 is based on the Transformer architecture, which is designed to process all words in an input sentence simultaneously to better understand context. Natural language processing models like GPT-4  can be used in other aspects of drug discovery. For example, these models can be used to analyze and understand large amounts of medical text data. This can help analyze research findings, interpret clinical trial results, or search and summarize medical literature.

So, the main difference between GANs and GPT-4 is that GANs are used to generate different types of data, such as images and speech, while GPT-4 is primarily used to process and generate text data. Also, GANs learn by having two neural networks compete against each other, while GPT-4 learns by training a large amount of text data to understand context and generate text.

GANs and GPT-4 can be utilized in different ways at different stages of drug development. By leveraging their respective strengths, these two models can contribute to improving and accelerating the drug discovery process.

This paper describes the process of applying prompt engineering techniques to analyze how GPT-4 can be utilized in the drug discovery process.

 

In order to utilize generative AI for drug discovery, prompt engineering techniques are required. Prompt engineering is the art of providing an AI model with the right inputs (prompts) to achieve a desired outcome. Prompt engineering can help you increase the performance and efficiency of your AI model, tailor your AI model to your desired purpose, and reduce the limitations and risks of your AI model.

I am a non-expert in the drug discovery field. Based on my experience in general prompt engineering,I have been studying the process of how generative AI (ChatGPT, BingChat) can be utilized in drug development.

Much of the content in this whitepaper was generated by utilizing GPT-4 and BingChat as appropriate.

For more information, download the PDF file here 

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Published Book: Mastering ChatGPT-4 Prompt for Writers: (Author:Charly Choi)

Amazon Store

[10 tips for ChatGPT prompting examples to spark creativity]

"Mastering ChatGPT-4 Prompts for Writers: The Ultimate Guide to Unlocking Your Creativity and Boosting Your Writing Skills with ChatGPT-4 (amazon kindle store)"

This book provides prompting tips to help writers utilize ChatGPT-4 to get more creative ideas. Some examples include: 

1. Think from different perspectives: If you're writing about an "alien invasion," try thinking about it from the aliens' point of view as well as the humans'. You'll get more interesting ideas.

2. Spark your imagination: If you're writing about an "alien invasion" topic, try using questions that spark your imagination, such as "Why would aliens invade Earth?". 

3. Take ideas from similar topics: Take ideas from other works related to "alien invasion" and utilize them. This will help you develop your existing ideas.

4. Create a paradoxical situation: Create a paradoxical situation in the same topic as "alien invasion", for example, "If aliens hadn't invaded, wouldn't the Earth be doomed?".

5. Take ideas from other genres: On a topic like "alien invasion," try borrowing ideas from works in other genres. For example, you can find ideas related to alien invasions in crime fiction instead of science fiction. 

6. Use historical facts: In a topic like "alien invasion," consider using historical facts. For example, you could use a famous battle or war in human history as the backdrop for an alien invasion. 

7. Imagine a future situation: In a topic like "Alien Invasion," imagine a future situation. For example, you could imagine how Earth would change after an alien invasion. 

8. Focus on emotions: In a topic like "Alien Invasion," focus on emotions. For example, you could tell a story centered around emotions like fear or anger that humans feel about an alien invasion. 

9. Create a tragic situation: In a topic like "alien invasion," create a tragic situation. For example, you could depict a situation where humanity fails in their fight against an alien invasion.

10. Create a character-driven story: In a topic like "Alien Invasion," create a character-driven story. For example, you could center your story around the relationship between humans and aliens. By utilizing these prompt tips, writers can get more creative with their ideas and have fun and excitement during the writing process.

By utilizing these prompting tips, writers can get more creative ideas and have fun and excitement in the writing process.

For example, try asking ChatGPT the following questions and check out the creative results from ChatGPT. (Try it on ChatGPT, BingChat, and Google Bard for different results. What unique technology would aliens have?) 

Prompt: I am writing a science fiction novel and need five ideas for unique technology related to alien planets.

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Book: Mastering ChatGPT-4 Prompts for Writers: (Author Charly Choi)

Amazon link

[Mastering ChatGPT-4 Prompts for Writers]

The Ultimate Guide to Unlocking Your Creativity and Boosting Your Writing Skills with ChatGPT-4]

Introduction
Chapter 1: The Age of the AI Writer and the Writing Revolution
Chapter 2: Understanding Generative AI and Its Potential for Writers

2.1. Understanding ChatGPT-4

2.2. Role of prompts in ChatGPT-4

2.3. ChatGPT-4 for Writer

Chapter 3: Mastering Prompts for Writing: A Comprehensive Guide

3.1 What is Prompt?

3.2. Basics for writing prompts

3.3 Creative uses of prompts

3.4. Tailoring prompts for different genres

3.5 Use prompts for book organization and ideas

3.6 Optimize prompts

3.7 Test and iterate on your prompt

3.8 Prompt Tips for novelist

Chapter 4. Use Case:Write my business book

4.1. Create a book title.

4.2. Write a table of contents

4.3. Identify the main ideas in each chapter

4.4. Create an introduction

4.5. Create draft content for each chapter

4.6. Write a conclusion

Chapter 5: Scalability and Future Prospects for Using ChatGPT-4

5.1 Possibilities for other content creation

5.2 Limitations and challenges of AI writing

5.3 The future of ChatGPT and the publishing industry

Conclusion: Insights from my journey as an AI writer and challenges ahead
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Appendix

The "prompts" I used to write this book.

https://amzn.to/41yJYR8

Introduction

In today's rapidly advancing technological era, every aspect of our lives undergoes significant transformations, and the writing world is no exception. The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) technologies, such as Generative AI, BingChat, and Google Bard, enables collaboration with machine-generated text and opens up an unprecedented realm of possibilities in content creation. We are entering the age of the AI author, and a writing revolution is on the horizon.

Mastering Prompts for Writers: The Ultimate Guide to Unlocking Your Creativity and Boosting Your Writing Skills with ChatGPT-4 is your essential guide to this fascinating new world. This comprehensive resource not only provides insights into cutting-edge AI tools like Generative AI, BingChat, and Google Bard but also shares techniques for effectively using these tools to augment your writing process and enhance your creativity.

Generative AI, a groundbreaking technology that generates human-like text, has revolutionized the way we approach writing. BingChat, Microsoft's innovative conversational AI, offers an interactive writing experience, enabling dynamic and responsive collaboration with your AI-powered writing assistant. Google Bard, meanwhile, is a powerful AI-driven poetry generator that can help craft beautiful verses, offering inspiration and guidance to poets and lyricists alike.

Mastering Prompts for Writers teaches you how to harness these remarkable technologies' potential by providing expert tips, techniques, and prompts to challenge and inspire you in unlocking your creativity. You will learn how to work seamlessly with AI authors, utilizing their capabilities to expand your writing skills and bring your ideas to life in new and exciting ways.

Discover the powerful synergy between human and artificial intelligence, and be part of the writing revolution that is changing the face of content creation. Mastering Prompts for Writers: The Ultimate Guide to Unlocking Your Creativity and Boosting Your Writing Skills with ChatGPT-4 is your key to exploring and embracing the limitless potential of AI-powered writing tools like Generative AI, BingChat, and Google Bard.

My passion for writing and sharing knowledge led me to publish two books: "Advanced Chrome Device Management & 2017 Essential Guide for Chromebook Users" in 2017 and "New Advanced Chrome Device Management: Chrome Enterprise" in 2020. Both of these books were self-published through Amazon's Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP) platform. Throughout my journey, I discovered the potential of self-publishing and how it empowers writers to have complete control over their work. I firmly believe that anyone can become an author and share their knowledge through self-publishing on Amazon.

This book's motivation stems from my experiences in the self-publishing world and the exciting opportunities presented by AI-generated text development. In this third attempt to publish on Amazon KDP, I aim to bridge the gap between human authors and AI-generated writing, helping you tap into the power of both.

The book focuses on ChatGPT-4, an AI writing-generating model developed by OpenAI. By harnessing its capabilities, authors can unlock their creativity, boost their writing skills, and develop engaging content that captivates readers. The key to achieving this lies in mastering prompts—a critical aspect of working with AI-generated text. Through well-crafted prompts, writers can guide the AI's output and create pieces aligned with their vision.

I will delve into AI-generated writing's world, exploring its applications and the impact on writing's future. We will discuss Amazon self-publishing implications and how it has evolved due to AI authors' rise. With this knowledge, we aim to equip you with the tools and strategies necessary to become a successful self-published author.

Throughout the book, I will discover:

• An in-depth understanding of ChatGPT-4, its strengths, limitations, and its transformation of the writing landscape.
• The art and science of crafting effective prompts to guide AI-generated writing and create high-quality content.
• The role of human creativity and authorship in the new era of AI-driven content, and how to maintain your unique voice in collaboration with AI-generated text.
• Practical strategies for editing, revising, and fine-tuning AI-generated content to deliver value to your readers and meet the high standards of self-publishing.

The process of creating a business book using ChatGPT-4.

This book is for all writers, whether you are an established author or an aspiring one, who wish to enhance their craft and explore the benefits of collaborating with AI-generated text. It is a comprehensive guide that will help you navigate the world of AI-driven writing, understand the dynamics of self-publishing on Amazon, and ultimately, create content that resonates with your audience.

By combining the power of AI-generated writing with your creativity and unique voice, you will be able to unlock new possibilities in your writing career. Mastering Prompts for Writers: The Ultimate Guide to Unlocking Your Creativity and Boosting Your Writing Skills with ChatGPT-4 is the key to embracing the limitless potential of AI-powered writing tools and enriching your journey as a writer.

Please note that 90% of the content in this book was generated with the help of the generative AIs ChatGPT-4 (85%), BingChat (3%), and Google Bard (2%).

 

[Gmail TIP] How to avoid IP tracking (means to confirm email receipt) in Gmail

Some of the messages received by Gmail can be exposed to your computer's IP information or other information (such as which browser you use, what mail app you use, IP address information, etc.) without knowing it at the moment you read it. .

When receiving e-mail, you may be tracked to the sender's IP (if you send your computer's IP unintentionally when you receive the e-mail).

Fortunately, the Gmail system provides a way to prevent other parties from secretly tracking caller IP.

There is a technology that email service systems use as a way to determine whether a recipient has read the mail they send. After inserting an invisible image (pixel) in an e-mail message, when the mail contents are opened, the image is accessed and the recipient's IP address is tracked to obtain the location information.

Gmail can let you decide whether or not you want to selectively display the images included in your mail content, in a way that prevents you from inadvertently tracking IP addresses. If there is a suspicious image in the text, the image can be suppressed.

Therefore, if you do not want the sender of the email (including email system users other than Gmail users) to accept the mail receipt request, you can suppress the images included in the body text.

To disable automatic display of external images in Gmail, you can do this in Gmail -> Settings ->General-> Images.

In this case, when the mail sender sends an e-mail asking to confirm receipt of the e-mail without knowing it, the following indication is displayed when receiving e-mail from Gmail.

If there is only text in the message body, but "Images are not displayed, it is likely that this message is the message that the other person has requested to acknowledge whether the message is opened or not. In this case, you do not have to display the image if you do not want to be notified of your receipt status.

In Gmail, the images contained in the message body provide a means of tracking outbound IP, or provide a number of security mechanisms to block information hacking using image insertion. For more information on this, please refer to the articles provided by Google.

https://support.google.com/mail/answer/145919?hl=en

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Book: 

New Advanced Chrome Device Management: Chrome Enterprise Kindle Edition

https://amzn.to/3SZIV96 Kindle Store - Paperback/Kindle Edition)

[Connectivity Diagnostics Tool for Chrome and ChromeOS]

Occasionally, you may not have an Internet connection on your Chromebook, or you may not be able to connect to a Google services site. At times like this, you may not know if your Chromebook is a problem or if there is a network problem or if there is a problem with  Google service sites. I'd like to show you a good tool to find out what's wrong with your Chromebook.

 

Chrome Connectivity Diagnostics is a fast and simple network testing and troubleshooting tool for Chrome and ChromeOS. The tool…

 

 

 

 

 

Chrome Connectivity Diagnostics is a fast and simple network testing and troubleshooting tool for Chrome and ChromeOS. 

The tool tests a computer's network connection for common issues, port blocking, and network latency by establishing connections to network and Internet services via UDP, TCP, HTTP and HTTPS.

The diagnostic tests include:
• Local network connection availability
• Wifi network signal strength (ChromeOS only)
• Default gateway is reachable (ChromeOS only)
• DNS server availability and latency
• DNS cache poisoning/spoofing 
• Internet traffic blocks by a HTTP captive portal or firewalls 
• Network performance and latency to Google websites
• Google Hangouts service availability

What's new
• Google Hangouts service availability test
• Logging of specific test criteria details

By installing this tool, you agree to the Google Terms of Service and Privacy Policy at https://www.google.com/intl/en/policies/

Installing from Chrome Web Store  

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For more information for Chrome (Chromebook) Device Management- Author:Advanced Chrome Device Management - Kindle edition  - Paperback/Kindle Edition)

 

 

[Gmail Tip] Gmail for my record management.

The key to the record is the time record. When checking the authenticity of digital documents, it has very important meanings such as writing diaries, writing minutes, exchanging data with partners, writing documents, and recording time (timestamps). If I submit evidence to the prosecution or court, can I submit data stored in Evernote, Dropbox, Google Drive, My Laptop's storage, Company File Server, etc. as evidence?

Among the digital materials, materials that can be effective as legal proofs are called e-mails. The reason is that the time (timestamp) information recorded when sending and receiving e-mail is considered to be unmodifiable, and it is because you have important time information to check the point.

That's why large businesses doing global businesses want to manage and store all the email content they send and receive with their corporate e-mail archiving solutions (called eDiscovery solutions) at a high price.

Individual or general SMBs do not need to pay extra attention to these costs. All of these problems can be solved if you use only existing e-mail, which is a private company or an ordinary company.

Most importantly, in order to use the tools for recording, you must make sure that the storage is ready for point-of-view confirmation (with the creation time recorded), no matter what tool you use for your record-writing tools. The email system may be recognized as being unable to be modified or altered in the future. So, if possible, I would advise you to log in using Gmail.

The best way to recommend is to use Gmail as much as you can, In addition to email, Gmail is a useful tool for recording. You can choose one of three Gmail (15 gigabytes for free Gmail, 30GB for Google Workspace Starter, Google Workspace Business/Enterprise or Google Workspace for Education). I think it's enough to have one with Gmail as a recording tool.

In addition to simply sending and receiving emails, Gmail has the ability to save all kinds of records (journals, diaries, ideas, book readings, minutes, receipts, paper documents scanned with smartphones, attachments, etc.). I'm using Gmail of Google Workspace Enterprise. This Google Workspace Enterprise' version includes built-in eDiscovery solution, Google Vault, so that employees who accidentally delete emails will not be deleted in Vault, which deliberately deleted sensitive mail. (These data are effective as evidence.)

Jonathan Rosenberg, vice president of product development at Google, is scanning his passport, health insurance card, and emailing himself with his email address and storing it in Gmail. This way, you can use Gmail for recording and saving because you can search anytime, anywhere, on any device.

The introduction was too long. Learn how to use Gmail to record and auto-categorize, tag, and search.

To manage your records, Send all of your content (all the data you want to record) to your email address. The way Google's vice president, Jonathan Rosenberg, mentioned above, uses mainly. Scan your passport and send it as an attachment to you by email.

At this time, you can use various features of Gmail, such as 'Tagging', 'Auto Classification', 'Labeling/Filter', 'Search', 'Auto Forward', 'Save to Attached Document Drive' and 'Apply e-Discovery'.

1.    How to insert a tag into an email address.

• I use Google's Keep as a memo app on my smartphone, and then I keep my records (idea memo, diary, diary, brief customer memo). In order to preserve the long-term record for timestamp to check recorded date in future, the Google Keep note will be sent to ‘hsikchoii+idea@gmail.com’. That is, my email address is 'hsikchoi@gmail.com' but the address of the recipient can be 'hsikchoi+idea@gmail.com'.
• In the email address scheme, even if you send mail to 'hsikchoi+idea@ gmail.com' in the recipient address, the recipient address of the email content will be displayed as 'hsikchoi+idea@gmail.com' and all characters after the '+' will be ignored. So, even if you send like 'hsikchoi+idea+customer@gmail.com', your email system will be recognized as 'hsikchoi@gmail.com'.
• After capturing a paper receipt on your smartphone (no matter what app you use for capturing), send it to your email address (eg ‘hsikchoi+receipt@gmail.com). Gmail saves it for your records in the label - Receipt.
• If you search later in Gmail, you can easily search for all messages tagged with "+receipt" by searching for "To: receipts" in the search box.

2.    How to automatically label incoming email

• In Gmail, you can automatically sort all incoming messages by "label" and "filter," so you can color-categorize any desired "label."
• Messages received at 'hsikchoi+idea @gmail.com' will automatically be given a label 'idea' and saved.
• From the image below
1. (1) shows the labels created for my Record Management
2. (2) shows the labels automatically assigned with the 'Filter' function
3. (3) is a thread function as a conversation mode  only in Gmail. If you want to send additional mail about the recorded mail or write supplementary information, if you reply to the mail, it is automatically bundled into a thread and stored as a single mail. Shows the number of messages that are bundled.
4. The symbol shown in (4) is an indication that the e-mail address is the only person who is the only recipient.
5. (5). For example, if you send a message to the recipient address: "charly.choi+idea@charlychoi.com, you'll automatically be given the label " Idea". You can also apply the filter internally to allow it to be automatically saved in the label -  Idea.

3.    Search for labels and search for tags

   In Gmail, you can search for 'label:idea' in the search box via the label search. Messages can be searched tagged with '+' in recipient address search in 'To: idea' in search box

Summary

   

The reason you should use the email system as Record Management Tool for your records is due to the effect of logging time stamps on your email.

Tools that can later arbitrarily modify the time of the generated record are not suitable as a recording tool.

In Gmail, labels, tags, and filters make it easy to manage incoming messages. It is advisable to use Gmail for Record Management, but you can use any tool for recording.

Not many systems will be able to send, store, and retrieve mail regardless of location, time, or device. I strongly recommend that you manage all record with a single Gmail account rather than using a variety of tools to manage all your records.

 

[Compare Google Spreadsheet Functions vs. Excel Functions in details]

Google Spreadsheets has been updated dramatically. More features will be updated in the future.

I compared how Excel spreadsheet is compatible with Excel, how many functions it provides, and how many types of functions.

The total number of functions provided by MS Excel is 504 (as of July 2022). (Refer to Microsoft site.)

The total number of functions provided by Spreadsheet is 494. (Refer to Google Site)

Please refer here for the one-by-one comparison of each function and the detailed analysis of function definition and explanation. In this sheet, I have compared the functions in this sheet as shown below.

What I felt when creating this analysis was that Google Spreadsheets now offers nearly all the important features, although it is not 100% identical to MS Excel. Google recently added a macro feature to Google Spreadsheets. This means that it offers almost all of the features that MS Excel has.

I know that MS Excel is different from the function of online office 365 and the function of installed Excel. In other words, browser-based online Excel has functional limitations compared to installed Excel. Google Spreadsheets, on the other hand, is 100% cloud-based and has the advantage of being immediately available with a browser and is also free.

See here for a detailed comparison of Google Spreadsheet functions and Excel functions.